過度上網,是否可以被稱為罹患“上網成癮症”?
有些人上網是去搜尋網路上無邊無際的知識資訊,也有些人上網是去網購。而過度上網者常常是因為沉迷於在網上和別人虛擬互動,例如:電子信、即時通、推特、Facebook 等活動;有一篇台灣的報告說,台灣的大學生網路成癮的主要原因,是在網上和別人虛擬互動。還有其他過度上網的原因,包括:色情網站、電影、賭博、和線上電玩;有一篇韓國的報告說,韓國網路成癮者 70% 是因為網路遊戲,其中 18% 可以被稱為遊戲上癮。
許多網路成癮者,其每週在網上的時間,有 38 小時以上是和學校功課或工作無關的,因此造成功課荒廢和工作效率的低落。紐約某一個大學的報告說,該校新生一年內被迫離開學校的學生中,有 43% 經常熬夜上網,造成功課荒廢。
那麼,過度上網是否可以算是“上網成癮”?目前有兩派說法:
1. 認為 ‘過度上網不能算是是成癮’ 的論說
- 過度上網比較像是一種強迫症,而不是成癮。過度上網,看起來和過度打電話並沒有太大的不同。
- 過度上網的現象,可能只是有些有心理疾病的人逃避痛苦的方法之ㄧ,就好像這些人也往往會暴飲暴食,並不能把這些行為等同於上癮。
- 過度上網的原因很多,有些人是迷上了網路拍賣,也有一些人是迷上了網路遊戲、賭博、或成人網站。也許可以稱他們“賭博成癮”、或“色情成癮”,但是不能把這些完全不同的成癮原因,混稱為一個“上網成癮”。
2. 認為 ‘過度上網是一種成癮’ 的論說
- 美國 The Center for Internet Studies 的 David Greenfield 博士認為,在網路上成迷於色情網站、線上遊戲、線上賭博、或網購,都能造成一個人情緒上的改變,和成癮相似。
- 美國 Center for Internet Addiction Recovery 的 Kimberly Young 博士認為上網成癮者往往有憂鬱症或焦慮症等情緒問題,他們常常藉著滯留在網路上的虛幻世界,去逃離真實世界裡的不愉快的感覺或苦惱,像是成癮行為。
- 一篇 2009 年的報告說,上網成癮者和藥物成癮者一樣,都會產生腦結構上的變化,許多腦區域有萎縮的現象,另外也有其他區域的連結似乎是增強了。
上網成癮症 (Internet addictiondisorder, IAD) 目前還沒有被列入 Diagnostic and Statisticalnamual of Mental Disorders, DSM-IV 2009 年版。但是在 2013 年版的 DSM-V 可能就會決定是否納入。
目前知道,超過一半的上網成癮的患者,同時有其他的成癮問題,例如菸、酒、性、賭、和毒品。而且他們常患有憂鬱、焦慮、或強迫等症狀;但是很難分辨,是過度上網會造成這些症狀,還是有這些症狀的人比較容易變成過度上網。
上網成癮測驗
上網成癮測驗 (The Internet Addiction Test,IAT) 這套試題,是 Kimberly Young 博士所設計的,共 20 題, 估計受試者上網成癮的程度。(請看附件一:上網成癮測驗的自我測試題,附加的中文翻譯並未經過認證,僅供學術參考)。測驗時,根據每一題的敘述適用於被測試者的程度,去回答。從:”不適用(沒發生過)、罕見、偶爾、稍常、經常、總是” 這五個選項中圈選其一,然後用下列 0 至 5 分的計分標準:
0 = Does Not Apply 不適用(沒發生過)
1 = Rarely. 罕見
2 = Occasionally. 偶爾
3 = Frequently. 稍常
4 = Often. 經常
5 = Always. 總是
1 = Rarely. 罕見
2 = Occasionally. 偶爾
3 = Frequently. 稍常
4 = Often. 經常
5 = Always. 總是
累計共 20 題的分數,就是最後總得分。分數越高,網癮的問題也越嚴重。以下是受測者的總得分情況,和其網癮問題之間的關聯:
- 20-49 分:是一般人上網的狀況,偶而上網時間稍微偏常,但是仍然能自我控制。
- 50-79 分:已經因為上網過度而帶來一些影響,應該開始反思,加強自我控制。
- 80-100 分:上網過度已經帶來明顯困擾,應該評估其禍害,並著手解決這項問題。
(請看附件二:上網成癮測驗的兒童測試題,由父母代答試題;附加的中文翻譯並未經過認證,僅供學術參考)
附件一:上網成癮測驗 (The Internet Addiction Test,IAT) 自我測試題
1。你是否經常會發現,你上網的時間長度,超過你事前所允許自己的?
1. How often do you find that you stay on-Line longer than you intended?
1. How often do you find that you stay on-Line longer than you intended?
2。你是否經常忽視家務勞動,而花更多的時間在上網?
2. How often do you neglect household chores to spend more time on-line?
2. How often do you neglect household chores to spend more time on-line?
3。你是否經常寧願選擇令人興奮的互聯網,而不是與伴侶的親密關係?
3. How often do you prefer the excitement of the Internet to intimacy with yourpartner?
3. How often do you prefer the excitement of the Internet to intimacy with yourpartner?
4。你是否經常與同在線上其他用戶形成新的人際關係呢?
4. How often do you form new relationships with fellow on-line users?
4. How often do you form new relationships with fellow on-line users?
5。生活圈中的其他人是否經常對你抱怨,說你花大量的時間上網?
5. How often do others in your life complain to you about the amount of timeyou spend on-line?
5. How often do others in your life complain to you about the amount of timeyou spend on-line?
6。你的學校作業或成績,是否經常受到影響,因為你花大量的時間上網?
6. How often do your grades or school work suffer because of the amount of timeyou spend on-line?
6. How often do your grades or school work suffer because of the amount of timeyou spend on-line?
7。你是否經常要先檢查你的電子郵件(註:或twitter、plurk),然後才願意去做別的你需要做的工作?
7. How often do you check your e-mail before something else that you need todo?
7. How often do you check your e-mail before something else that you need todo?
8。你的工作表現或生產力,是否經常因為你在上互聯網,而受到影響?
8. How often does your job performance or productivity suffer because of theInternet?
8. How often does your job performance or productivity suffer because of theInternet?
9。當有人問你,你上互聯網做哪些事,你的反應是否經常變成是在替自己防禦或保密?
9. How often do you become defensive or secretive when anyone asks you what youdo on-line?
9. How often do you become defensive or secretive when anyone asks you what youdo on-line?
10。你是否經常拒絕那些和你的生活有關、令你不安的思緒,而逃入和互聯網有關、令你舒緩的思緒裡?
10. How often do you block out disturbing thoughts about your life withsoothing thoughts of the Internet?
10. How often do you block out disturbing thoughts about your life withsoothing thoughts of the Internet?
11。你是否經常發現,你在期待著自己能再次上網?
11. How often do you find yourself anticipating when you will go on-line again?
11. How often do you find yourself anticipating when you will go on-line again?
12。你是否經常擔心,若沒有互聯網,生活將變得無聊、空虛、沒有快樂可言?
12. How often do you fear that life without the Internet would be boring,empty, and joyless?
12. How often do you fear that life without the Internet would be boring,empty, and joyless?
13。如果你在上網,而有人騷擾你,你是否經常會惡言、吼叫、或像是被惹惱了?
13. How often do you snap, yell, or act annoyed if someone bothers you whileyou are on-line?
13. How often do you snap, yell, or act annoyed if someone bothers you whileyou are on-line?
14。你是否經常因為深夜上網而損失睡眠時間?
14. How often do you lose sleep due to late-night log-ins?
14. How often do you lose sleep due to late-night log-ins?
15。當你下網時,你是否經常腦裡還被互聯網的事干擾,或會幻想上網?
15. How often do you feel preoccupied with the Internet when off-line, orfantasize about being on-line?
15. How often do you feel preoccupied with the Internet when off-line, orfantasize about being on-line?
16。當你在網上時,你是否經常發現自己對自己說:“讓我再多留在網上幾分鐘吧!”?
16. How often do you find yourself saying "just a few more minutes"when on-line?
16. How often do you find yourself saying "just a few more minutes"when on-line?
17。你是否經常:企圖要減少自己上網的時間,結果失敗了?
17. How often do you try to cut down the amount of time you spend on-line andfail?
17. How often do you try to cut down the amount of time you spend on-line andfail?
18。你是否經常在隱藏自己已經上網多久,不讓別人知道?
18. How often do you try to hide how long you"ve been on-line?
18. How often do you try to hide how long you"ve been on-line?
19。你是否經常會選擇花更多的時間上網,而不是出門去和別人交往?
19. How often do you choose to spend more time on-line over going out withothers?
19. How often do you choose to spend more time on-line over going out withothers?
20。你是否經常如此:當你沒有在上網時,會感到沮喪、喜怒無常、或緊張;而一旦上網,這些感覺就消失了?
20. How often do you feel depressed, moody, or nervous when you are off-line,which goes away once you are back on-line?
20. How often do you feel depressed, moody, or nervous when you are off-line,which goes away once you are back on-line?
附件二:上網成癮測驗 (由父母代答) 的兒童測試題
1. How often does your child disobeytime limits you set for on-line use?
1。你的孩子是否經常不服從您所設定的、他被允許上網的時間限制?
1。你的孩子是否經常不服從您所設定的、他被允許上網的時間限制?
2. How often does your child neglecthousehold chores to spend more time on-line?
2。你的孩子是否經常忽視家務勞動,而花更多的時間在上網?
2。你的孩子是否經常忽視家務勞動,而花更多的時間在上網?
3. How often does your child prefer tospend time on-line rather than with the rest of your family?
3。你的孩子是否經常更願意花時間在上網,而不是與家人互動?
3。你的孩子是否經常更願意花時間在上網,而不是與家人互動?
4. How often does your child form newrelationships with fellow on-line users?
4。你的孩子是否經常與同在線上其他用戶,形成新的人際關係呢?
4。你的孩子是否經常與同在線上其他用戶,形成新的人際關係呢?
5. How often do you complain about theamount of time your child spends on-line?
5。你是否經常抱怨,認為你的孩子花費大量的時間在上網?
5。你是否經常抱怨,認為你的孩子花費大量的時間在上網?
6. How often do your child"s gradessuffer because of the amount of time he or she spends on-line?
6。您的孩子的學校成績,是否經常會因為孩子花費大量的時間在上網,而受到影響?
6。您的孩子的學校成績,是否經常會因為孩子花費大量的時間在上網,而受到影響?
7. How often does your child check hisor her e-mail before doing something else?
7。你的孩子是否經常要先檢查他的電子郵件(註:或twitter、plurk),然後才做別的事情?
7。你的孩子是否經常要先檢查他的電子郵件(註:或twitter、plurk),然後才做別的事情?
8. How often does your child seemwithdrawn from others since discovering the Internet?
8。你的孩子,自從發現了互聯網之後,是否似乎是退出和其他人的交往圈?
8。你的孩子,自從發現了互聯網之後,是否似乎是退出和其他人的交往圈?
9. How often does your child becomedefensive or secretive when asked what he or she does on-line?
9。當你問你的孩子上互聯網做哪些事,他的反應是否經常變成在替他自己防禦或保密?
9。當你問你的孩子上互聯網做哪些事,他的反應是否經常變成在替他自己防禦或保密?
10. How often have you caught yourchild sneaking on-line against your wishes?
10。你是否經常發現你的孩子,違背你的規定,而偷偷上網?
10。你是否經常發現你的孩子,違背你的規定,而偷偷上網?
11. How often does your child spendtime alone in his or her room playing on the computer?
11。你的孩子是否經常獨自花時間,在他的房間裡玩電腦?
11。你的孩子是否經常獨自花時間,在他的房間裡玩電腦?
12. How often does your child receivestrange phone calls from new "on-line" friends?
12。你的孩子是否經常收到,網上的新朋友打來的奇怪的電話?
12。你的孩子是否經常收到,網上的新朋友打來的奇怪的電話?
13. How often does your child snap,yell, or act annoyed if bothered while on-line?
13。如果你你的孩子在上網,而有人騷擾他,他是否經常會惡言、吼叫、或像是被惹惱了?
13。如果你你的孩子在上網,而有人騷擾他,他是否經常會惡言、吼叫、或像是被惹惱了?
14. How often does your child seemmore tired and fatigued than he or she did before the Internet came along?
14。自從有了互聯網之後,你的孩子是否經常顯得比從前更累、更疲憊?
14。自從有了互聯網之後,你的孩子是否經常顯得比從前更累、更疲憊?
15. How often does your child seempreoccupied with being back on-line when off-line?
15。當你的孩子下網時,他是否經常腦裡還被互聯網的事干擾?
15。當你的孩子下網時,他是否經常腦裡還被互聯網的事干擾?
16. How often does your child throwtantrums with your interference about how long he or she spends on-line?
16。你的孩子是否經常會因為你限制他上網的時間長度,而大發脾氣?
16。你的孩子是否經常會因為你限制他上網的時間長度,而大發脾氣?
17. How often has your child choose tospend time on-line rather than doing once enjoyed hobbies and/or outsideinterests?
17。你的孩子是否經常會選擇花時間上網,而不是做他從前喜歡的嗜好或其他興趣?
17。你的孩子是否經常會選擇花時間上網,而不是做他從前喜歡的嗜好或其他興趣?
18. How often does your child becomeangry or belligerent when you place time limits on how much time he or she isallowed to spend on-line?
18。當你限制你的孩子的上網時間長度,他是否經常會生氣或對你抗爭?
18。當你限制你的孩子的上網時間長度,他是否經常會生氣或對你抗爭?
19. How often does your child chooseto spend more time on-line than going out with friends?
19。你的孩子是否經常會選擇花更多的時間上網,而不是出門去和朋友交往?
19。你的孩子是否經常會選擇花更多的時間上網,而不是出門去和朋友交往?
20. How often does your child feeldepressed, moody, or nervous when off-line which seems to goes away once backon-line?
20。你的孩子否經常如此:當他沒有在上網時,會感到沮喪、喜怒無常、或緊張;而一旦上網,這些感覺就消失了?
20。你的孩子否經常如此:當他沒有在上網時,會感到沮喪、喜怒無常、或緊張;而一旦上網,這些感覺就消失了?
資料來源:CFH健康知識網
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